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Grid frequency is usually a very stable parameter,and definitely, it will be during a plant synchronization(you don’t want to connect a new unit to the grid during a thunderstorm!). For historical reasons, two main values coexist, 50Hz and 60Hz, and prime mover, usually after being duly commissioned, has no trouble reaching the revolutions per minute needed to match the grid value.Matching the voltages is on the contrary a little trickier. For MV applications in fact it is unpractical to have a direct measuring of the voltage, a potential transformer (PT or VT) is hence interposed and readings are hence affected by the ratio and performance of the two devices used to measure the voltage upstream and downstream the breaker object of the synchronization.https://lnkd.in/ekTVcBp
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Instrument transformers are sized as per IEEE-60044. Each 33 kV line has a 2-core CT (600-400/1 A). The first core is for protection and the second one is for measurement. The CT also is a multi-ratio CT, where the first ratio (400 A) is for the line ampacity (350 A) and the second ratio (600 A) aggregates the ampacity of two lines as explained by the Legend section in Figure 8 (detail from Figure 2).Often, the CT selection happens before the short-circuit current study, thereby risking flawed CT size. The CT ALF should be based on the through fault current estimated at that stage. In the 33 kV lines, the CT class was selected to be 5P20, which is safe enough for later fault current discrepancies.Needless to say that the CT burden must not be compromised under any circ*mstances.Read more https://lnkd.in/gXRE-6wm
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Learn fundamentals of electric circuits and electronics, starting from the basics such as what an electric circuit is, electrical quantities like voltage, current & power, all the way to analyzing electric circuits.Visit the course https://lnkd.in/gG45Eg8s
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This course will teach yousingle-line and three-line diagrams, their differences and graphic electrical components that figure on them. You will learn various elements that represent equipment like a circuit breaker, isolator, earth switch, power transformer, voltage and current transformer, lightning arrestor, auxiliary transformer, etc.You will also learn important switchgear parts like busbar system, mimic, control cubicle, cable compartment, local/remote control, interlocking (isolator/circuit breaker, isolator/earth switch, busbar isolator/busbar earth-switch), etc.The course continues with explainingincoming and outgoing feeder philosophyand some switchgear theory like continuous and short-circuit rating of the equipment, ANSI codes, current transformer polarity, etc.https://lnkd.in/dGPkgB_U
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EEP Enterprise membership plan includes everything of the Pro plan with addition of a 50% discount code for unlimited apply on all professional courses at EEP Academy in the next one year. This plan also includes specialized technical articles in fields of low- medium- and high-voltage applications written by experienced electrical engineers who have worked or still working in our industry for 15+ years.These articles are always explained in-depth, and go into great detail on a topic, covering everything that might be useful to power engineers and technicians who work with power substations, maintenance or supervising.More info https://lnkd.in/gxAdPmvB
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The design of generators is based on the techno-economic requirements of generating plants,set by unit and turbine selections, discussed in previous sections of this article. For our case project, although the design calculation indicated that two numbers of generating units would be sufficient, 3 numbers of generating units were recommended due to the issue of transportation.Selection of ideal generating voltage is essential, as it is directly related to the cost and size of the generator. While the higher voltage level requires extra insulation, the size of conductors will be relatively small. With 6.6 kV, 11 kV, and 13.8 kV available as the most common generating voltage level,we select 13.8 kV for our case, considering each generating unit to be of 35 MW each.Read more https://lnkd.in/eJPMRNEz
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The problem described in this thesis consists on finding the best locations and sizes of capacitor banks within an electric network in order to optimize their performance. In optimization, the choice of location and sizing becomes a search for the best solution. Decision if a set of capacitor banks is better than another set is also part of the problem.At the same time, the choice is restricted by electric network constraints. The sizes of capacitor banks are given by standard industry size, which, makes the set of solutions to be discrete. Therefore, the problem is classified as a discrete optimization problem.More info https://lnkd.in/gm3F5FK
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Converting an older substation to a digital one should start with a thorough assessment of the existing substation. The figure above is a switchyard of 132/33 kV 60 MVA power distribution substation constructed during the mid-1980s. This substation represents a general case of an older substation to a great extent.This substation works fine manually and delivers power to nearby load centers as required, but lacks proper automation.It lacks digital data logging, real-time monitoring, and supervision. Push buttons, indicators, and some LCDs are the major HMIs. Almost every control cable is a part of a multi-core copper cable that runs individually to each data exchange equipment.Read more https://lnkd.in/eD8zDhe
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Modern electrical systems utilize miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) for the protection of VT circuits, while historically, fuses were employed for this purpose. MCBs and fuses serve to provide shortcircuit protection at the VT secondary winding, effectively disconnecting the VT supply in the event of a fault.Now, let’s consider a scenario where a VT secondary is linked to an under-voltage protection system, and the VT MCB trips or the VT fuse blows. In such a situation, the under-voltage protection mechanism cannot distinguish between a genuine under-voltage condition and a VT MCB trip.Read more https://lnkd.in/dPC7ywzt
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Learn how substation buses operate and how to implement different protective elements for their protection. Learn to design robust protection schemes to protect these components from faults and abnormal operating conditions. 2h 27m total course length.https://lnkd.in/e7GvAYZ3
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