Journal articles: 'Armenians Armenian Americans' – Grafiati (2024)

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How much are U.S. Armenians involved in psychology and the behavioural sciences? This three-part review details: (1) The origin of the Armenian Behavioral Science Association (ABSA) on 31 August 1987 in New York City. (2) Some highlights of U.S. Armenians involved in the behavioural sciences in general, and psychology in particular. (3) In conclusion, the value of a cross-national census of indigenous Armenian behavioural scientists.

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The article examines a question that practically has not been studied so far. The question refers to a number of Armenian publications in the USA and reveals certain challenges (ideological, thematic, financial, etc.) American-Armenian press faces. The reasons for the low quality and small circulation are revealed. Meantime, the article offers an analysis of the reasons of success of the relatively influential Armenian-English publications, namely – Asbarez, Armenian Mirror Spectator, Armenian Reporter.The Armenian press in the Diaspora is experiencing very hard times. As the heads of the political parties of the Diaspora claim, the majority of the Armenians living in the Diaspora are not politicized and are mostly concerned with the challenges of surviving in the modern world.The next problem the Armenian publications face is connected with lack of financial means.Besides, publishers in the Diaspora do not have special reporters in Armenia. This is the reason why the Armenian press in the Diaspora has a vague and sometimes wrong idea of the developments in Armenia.However publications such as Asbarez, Armenian Mirror Spectator, Armenian Reporter weeklies are exceptions, since they have more or less stable financial sources and regular readers. These newspapers have always been the most viable ones and have best reflected the political views of different classes and parties of the Armenians in America.

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It is stated that the Armenian community in the USA is one of the largest and most influential in the world. It is proved that the numerous Armenian community of the USA plays a prominent role in the development of Armenian-American relations. It is shown that the urgent issues for the development of the Armenian Diaspora is to overcome contradictions and competition within the Armenian Diaspora, especially among its most active organizations dealing with political issues. It will solve specific foreign policy tasks and promote the unification of the Armenian Diaspora based on group identity and common goals. The Armenian organizations, acting separately, complicate integration and unification within the community itself, lead to competition and disunity in defending its interests not only in the United States, but also in the world. It is determined that numerous Armenian Diaspora, famous and influential personalities of Armenian origin, national organizations and lobby groups are the “soft power” of Armenia. The Diaspora provides significant and comprehensive support to Armenian diplomacy in advancing national interests, especially in matters of international recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide, the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and overcoming the many economic problems that Armenia faces today. During the post-bipolar period, the Armenian Diaspora in America was quite active namely because of participation in various international organizations. To a certain extent, the Diaspora of Armenia followed the common tradition of using intergovernmental and intergovernmental associations to solve the problems of their states. On the other hand, the Armenian Diaspora confidently applied the method of "complementarily policy". This policy envisaged the deep involvement of the Republic of Armenia in the process of discussing and promoting projects of international organizations of various levels in the foreign policy of leading, influential states of the world and, first of all, the United States. In this regard, it is relevant to study the active and successful activities of the Armenian Diaspora in the United States. It is proved that Armenian Diaspora, with its rich international experience, seeks to integrate into American politics, which represents valuable experience for Ukraine, which has a significant Diaspora in the USA and Canada.

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The present article concerns one of the most painful pages in Annenian history – the Genocide of Armenians in 1915 and its traumatic and tragic outcome – forced migrations and cultural remodelling of ethnic Armenians, those who were able to survive the terrible massacre. The aim of the paper is to discuss how the deported ethnic Western Armenians and their descendants underwent the process of acculturation in the USA, reshaping their ethnic cultural blueprint into Diasporan Armenian cultural tradition. To illustrate cases of cultural remodelling, samples of fictional discourse where the literary heroes present three generations of American Armenians have been examined. The research combines the interpretative frameworks of cross-cultural pragmatics and discourse analysis. The analysis of discourse from cultural perspective allows us to conclude that Diasporan Armenians must have formed a multicultural stratum in the American ethnic patchwork.

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The aim of the work was to study polymorphism of microsatellite STR loci vWA, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, D16S539, D13S317, D7S820 included in CODIS, ESS and ISSOL standard core loci for Armenian population. Correspondence of frequencies of examined loci to the Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium was revealed. To distinguish genetic variability of STR loci we examined vWA, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, D16S539, D13S317, D7S820STR loci of Armenian population residing in the territory of Armenia and compared with data of Caucasian-American population presented in the Promega Technical Manual Allele Frequencies for Caucasian-Americans protocol. This comparative study revealed significant differences for tested populations. The results indicate that this set of polymorphic STR loci provides some polymorphic information. Therefore, prior to the usage of new DNA markers included in CODIS, ESS and ISSOL standard core loci into forensic casework, as well as DNA paternity and relationship testing, studies should be performed on Armenian populationto establish polymorphism of microsatellite STR loci specific for Armenian population.

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AbstractThe paper is a complex study of the history of the involvement of Woodrow Wilson (the 28th President of the USA, 1913-1921), in the fate of Armenian people after WWI and the Republic Armenia (1918-1920), especially in determining the boundary between Armenia and Turkey. It presents an analysis of Wilson's Arbitral Award according to the international law and the United Nation's official methodology. The article focuses on the historical background, legal aspects and political implications of Wilson's Arbitral Award (November 22, 1920), officially titled: Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier. The Arbitration's significance goes beyond Armenian-Turkish and Armenian-US relations. Border conflicts are still relevant issues on the regional and international agenda. American involvement in the Middle East is one of the key components of the United States' present foreign policy. An accurate and a broad understanding of the nuances of the extremely complex legal situation in the region and the bases for the behaviour of the players can be vital for the security, political and economic interests of the region. Moreover, due to the active participation of the United States in the Armenian-Turkish relations through Wilson's Arbitration, the Arbitral Award becomes a logical starting point for a stronger historical, political, and legal understanding of the conflict-prone region. The article also contributes to the better understanding of President Wilson's policy towards the Middle East during the dramatic period of 1917-1921 and its possible consequences for critical relationships in the region today.

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This essay will depict one American musician’s journey in the discovery of Komitas’ music and how this led to a deeper discovery of Armenian culture and history writ large, resulting in a visit to Armenia itself. It is intended to honor the greatness of the Armenian spirit and identity, as well as to encourage the following of one’s inspiration and intuition in life.

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The protracted Turko-Armenian conflict, marked by intermittent massacres, was violently resolved during World War I. By governmental decree the bulk of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was uprooted from its ancestral territories and was committed to a process of deportation that became a process of destruction. The provinces in the interior of Turkey with heavy concentrations of Armenians were thus completely denuded of their indigenous population.Volumes have been produced regarding the instruments and dimensions of this destruction. The carnage was attested to by multitudes of Armenian survivors; by German, Swiss, and American missionaries; and by European and American consuls in the provinces and their ambassadors in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. The testimony of Austrian and German officers of all ranks who fought in and directed that war alongside the Turks as political and military allies is even more striking.

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AbstractThe question of ‘nodes’ in the Armenian commercial network, it is argued here, cannot be separated from a larger process, which helped places such as Madras to rise as alternatives to New Julfa, from as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century. The network of Armenian commerce did not have a single strong centre with many peripheries, but a chain of multiple nodes functioning as crucial linking points. This paper focuses on one particular trade route, from Madras to Manila, in the eighteenth century. The Philippines attracted Spanish American silver, which was then pumped into various regional economies of Asia – China and India in particular – in the shape of investment. A Spanish ban on European shipping at Manila made Armenians (and Indians) indispensable partners for European trade to Manila. This gave Armenian trade to Manila a strong European flavour. Armenians helped to camouflage this trade, and enriched themselves from it at the same time, operating often independently of New Julfa.However an active network once frustrated always has a tendency to compensate for its losses. Driven out of one region, it may press its capital and the advantages it offers upon another. This seems at any rate to have been the rule whenever a really vigorous and accumulative form of capitalism was concerned.1

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AbstractIntroduction:The Telemedicine Spacebridge, a satellite-mediated, audio-video-fax link between four United States and two Armenian and Russian medical centers, permitted remote American consultants to assist Armenian and Russian physicians in the management of medical problems following the December 1988 earthquake in Armenia and the June 1989 gas explosion near Ufa.Methods:During 12 weeks of operations, 247 Armenian and Russian and 175 American medical professionals participated in 34 half-day clinical conferences. A total of 209 patients were discussed, requiring expertise in 20 specialty areas.Results:Telemedicine consultations resulted in altered diagnoses for 54, new diagnostic studies for 70, altered diagnostic processes for 47 and modified treatment plans for 47 of 185 Armenian patients presented. Simultaneous participation of several US medical centers was judged beneficial; quality of data transmission was judged excellent.Conclusion:These results suggest that interactive consultation by remote specialists can provide valuable assistance to on-site physicians and favorably influence clinical decisions in the aftermath of major disasters.

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AbstractThis article is an historical ethnography of the popular conceptualizations of crowd behavior during the pogroms against the Armenians in the Ottoman East in 1895–1896. It draws on contemporary sources like official telegrams, governmental reports, letters of American missionaries, and Armenian periodicals to show that observers with otherwise highly conflicting views described the structure of the event in the exact same way: as an outcome of sinister deception. Without exception, all parties told some story of deception to explain the violent attacks of the Kurdish semi-nomadic crowds on the Armenian neighborhoods of the city of Harput. The article analyzes these cases of disguise, deluding, and inculcation to reveal how contemporary observers theorized crowd behavior in general and the atrocities they witnessed in particular. They did not perceive violence as an index of social distance or deep societal divisions. On the contrary, they described a world in which Armenians and Muslims lived a shared life, and where one attacked the other only when deceived. Methodologically, the article lifts barriers between intellectual history and social history on behalf of an historical ethnography of people's theories about their own society.

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In the present paper an effort is made to analyze the deep roots of the concerns and the past-oriented conservative Armenian attitude towards the spread of globalization. Every aspect of human life is being radically transformed due to global changes. It also helps to spread European and American values, create new values. Among the most significant changes observed as a result of globalization are said to be religious and linguo-cultural identity issues. The study of the mentioned issues is vital in an Armenian context since the people of Armenia and Artsakh, during the past 30 years of independence, have been living in an environment of undeclared war with authoritarian aggressive Azerbaijan.

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The author recounts his experience as a Fulbright U.S. Scholar in the Department of Special Education at Armenian State Pedagogical University in Yerevan during the fall of 2016. He describes the Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program, especially as it pertains to Armenia, and explores the current state of special education in Armenia, specifically inclusion and its impact on students, families, and faculty. The author describes courses he taught for students majoring in speech–language pathology or the education of students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing as well as guest lectures given in Yerevan and elsewhere in Armenia. In addition, he describes a research project he initiated at an elementary school in Yerevan. He concludes with insights gained from this experience.

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It is common knowledge that Modern English (especially its American version) has become a language of international significance and is expanding its area of impact day by day. Naturally, Armenia could not remain unaffected. Bilingualism (Armenian and English), even trilingualism (including Russian) have doubled in our country in the last decade owing to the development of tourism, mixed marriages, growth in the number of international organizations and other factors.Bilingualism is closely related to a linguistic phenomenon in which the Armenian speech is complemented with English words, word combinations and even sentences. The reasons contributing to such phenomena are not only linguistic but also social-psychological. It is applied in most diverse social spheres – in the field of education in order to enhance one’s knowledge, in everyday speech to fill the vocabulary gaps and make some impression on the interlocuter, etc. Research suggests that code switching can contribute to borrowings from one language into another thereby enriching the Armenian vocabulary. On the other hand, if this process lasts long and encompasses larger masses it can distort the language and threaten the purity of the national language.

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AbstractImmediately after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Iran sought to once again resume relationships with its two northern ex-Soviet neighbours, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In the context of the Karabakh conflict that pitted the two South Caucasian countries against one another, Iran, despite its Shi'a Muslim identity, decided to maintain a neutral stance. This was mostly due to the pro-Turkish and clearly anti-Iranian stance of the second Azeri president, A. Elchibey, and to the traditional close ties between Iran and Armenia. Since that time, Iranian-Armenian political, economic, and cultural relations have maintained themselves at a high level, while Iranian-Azerbaijani relations have improved, especially at the instigation of the Aliyev family in power in Baku. The difficulty for Yerevan and Baku is that they are both partners of the U.S., which, especially under G. W. Bush's presidency, has not been pleased by the good and fruitful relationships Azerbaijan and especially Armenia maintain with Tehran. The strained Iranian-American relationship puts Yerevan and Baku in an uneasy posture, and the U.S., particularly under G. W. Bush, applied relative pressure on both countries to make them ponder over their cooperation with Iran. The delicate task of Armenia and Azerbaijan is, therefore, to optimise their relationship with both the U.S. and Iran, two major actors, without hurting their respective feelings and, as much as possible, their respective interests.

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At the end of 1917 an official U.S. government body, known as The Inquiry, was created in order to prepare documents for the peace negotiations that were to follow World War I. The Inquiry was composed of around 150 academics and was directed by the presidential adviser Edward House. The suggestions made by the research body were incorporated into President Woodrow Wilson’s famous “Fourteen Points” which he delivered in the U.S. Congress on January 8th, 1918, defining the war aims of the United States during World War I and suggesting possible peace terms that would to follow the Great War. Point 12 of the “Fourteen Points” proclaimed that non-Turkish nations (which included Armenia) of the Ottoman Empire, should be given an opportunity for “autonomous development,” and accordingly The Inquiry was also tasked with defining the boundary of the future State of Armenia. In 1918 a number of reports were prepared by the research group which proposed the territory for the State of Armenia which extended from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, covering mostly Armenian Highland and the coastal areas of the above noted seas. Members of The Inquiry also suggested a union of the above noted territory with Eastern Armenia, a scheme that was officially presented in 1919 during the Paris Peace Conference by the American delegation.

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Although Americans of Middle Eastern origin—be they of Arab, Turkish, Armenian, Sephardic Jewish, Assyrian, Greek, or Central Asian heritage—comprise one of the fastest growing groups in the United States, their music may seem invisible to the American musical connoisseur. Many of the recordings of Middle Eastern American musicians are produced and distributed within community networks. Walk into an Armenian grocer in Watertown, Massachusetts or into a Lebanese audio-video store in Dearborn, Michigan, and you will find hundreds of hours of music by Middle Eastern Americans for your listening pleasure. Walk into your public library and you may not find a thing. Middle Eastern music made in America is simply not widely available on the major or alternative recording labels to which we habitually turn for our fare of world music.

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Introgression of genetic resistance to fungal diseases from American and Asian Vitis species traditionally pursued in grape breeding programs, although facilitated by molecular tools, has an impact on wine quality that still slows down development of competitive varieties. A contribution to the genetic improvement of grapevines for resistance to pathogens may come from unexplored genetic resources of the Eurasian Vitis vinifera L. In the present study, a hundred grapevine accessions from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan were genotyped with SSR markers linked to QTLs for resistance to downy and powdery mildew, and with 21 SSR markers widely used for genetic diversity and relationship analysis. Looking at population genetic structure, Armenian and Azerbaijani accessions fell within the same cluster and were included among the Central Asian grape varieties of a hom*ogeneous dataset, while Georgian accessions formed a separate group. Pattern of SSR alleles flanking the locus Ren1 and associated with resistance to Erysiphe necator in 'Kishmish vatkana', 'Dzhandzhal kara' and other Central Asian cultivars were found in three varieties from the Azerbaijani population that reached very high scores when assessed for PM resistance.

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The article presents the strife of numerous American writers of Armenian origin to identify their roots by literary portrayal of the tragic fate of the survivors of the Armenian Genocide. These stories, which are written in English, bear the cultural, religious, social-political impact that are typical of already the third generation of the Genocide survivors. However, all of them are based on the great tragedy of the Armenian Genocide and its continual refusal.

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The article examines differences in the expression of interpersonal conflicts and management tactics in such different cultures as American and Armenian. Through a survey, an attempt is also made to consider the role and significance of this phenomenon in the Armenian culture.

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Several plays by William Saroyan written in the mid-1930s reached the Soviet stage only during the Khrushchev Thaw, in the early 1960s. The paper focuses on the first Soviet productions of Saroyan’s play My Heart’s in the Highlands, premiered in Armenian (Yerevan) in 1961, and in 1962 staged in Russian by the Mayakovsky Moscow Theatre. The paper analyses the reasons for such a late appearance of Saroyan’s dramas on the Russian stage, traces how Saroyan’s trip to the USSR in 1960 prompted the staging of his work in Armenia’s capital, which thereon paved the way for its Moscow production. The theatrical history of Saroyan’s work in the USSR is viewed in a wide social, political and cultural Soviet-American macro-context during the Cold War. The paper based on the rare materials from the museum of the Mayakovsky Moscow Theatre, focuses on the reception of the play and its production in the Soviet Union. The director Ya.S. Tsitsinovski strove to transmit the elevated, poetic spirit of Saroyan’s work and find a vivid expressive form, which was not typical for the Mayakovsky Theatre of N.P. Okhlopkov’s time. Its appearance on the Moscow stage in 1962 marked the beginning of the scene history of the American author’s drama in our country. The paper is aimed at reconstructing the theatrical history of Saroyan’s plays in the USSR.

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Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study demonstrated how Armenian Massacres as crime fiction developed in response to finding their identity by tracing the ethnic criminal or heritage against their descendants. Besides, by looking at this genocide against the Armenian racial, I found it increasingly difficult to ignore the link between self-identity and the race criminalization conducted by the authority Methodology: In this study, the writer implemented New Historicism theory by looking at the historical background, and combined with Horney Psychoanalysis of Personality, through the activities conducted by the characters. Then, through analyzing the plot and the whole story, the writer found that self-awareness of those characters could be seen in different forms and cultures. Based on those theories that people who know themselves will know what they think, feel, and believe; they will be able to take responsibility for themselves and be able to determine their values by reflecting their personality Main Findings: Self-identity and Armenian descendants could be portrayed significantly, and they were very appropriate with the identity of the characters shown in the texts. Here, the writer also found that a novelist like Tom Frist (2015) used the backdrop of massacres to write about the inner lives of Turkish criminals. He focused directly on the narrative dilemmas posed by American Armenian. His work attempted to uncouple race from crime, and this writer showed us how massacres fiction became a necessary identity form for American Armenian who lived as migration and diaspora. Applications of this study: So, the study of Armenian descendants was not only useful for a literary critic but also presented the history and ethnic cleansing in Turkey. And through this analysis, we learned more about the bitter experiences faced by deportees as shown in the setting places and the author’s perspective. Novelty/Originality of this study: Finally, I believed that tracing the Armenian descendants and self-identity was fascinating by identifying the characters shown in the novel.

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T.E. Lawrence’s specific perception of the Turks and of the Armenians is analyzed within the frames of this particular research article. T.E. Lawrence’s biographical-documentary novel The Seven Pillars of Wisdom and his famous interview given to the American journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens have been the material of our cultural and linguostylistic study. An attempt is made to establish the true image of the Young Turks and the Armenians who were killed by the Turks because of their national identity. Lawrence depicts Turkish atrocities with some highlighted negative emotion.

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This article looks at Edward Alexander, an American diplomat who served in Hungary between 1965 and 1969, and his various writings. An Armenian-American man of letters, Alexander served in psychological warfare in World War II, then joined cold war radios and later the Foreign Service. Our focus is on the years 1965-67, when he served as Press and Cultural Affairs Officer at the Budapest Legation. Available sources include his official diplomatic reports, his rather large Hungarian state security file, a lifetime interview conducted under the aegis of the State Department in the late 1980s, a book on Armenian history, and a semi-autobiographical intelligence thriller he penned in 2000. These sources allow for a complex evaluation of his performance in Hungary and of his writing skills on account of his attempt to fictionalize his own exploits.

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This article argues that United Nations human rights principles and new developments in the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights suggest a route to provide effective reparation through restoration of historical memory and dignity for victims of the Armenian Genocide.

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Communication is foundation of life. Literature is a universal form of communication. Writers communicate beliefs, ideas, experiences, feelings and thoughts. Armenian-American literature is a huge source of communication. Armenian-American writers who migrated to the USA throughout various time periods bring unique storylines and techniques to literature. Nonverbal communication is known to be the more honest part of human communication. Understanding communication requires combined analysis of verbal and nonverbal communication. This research identifies features of nonverbal communication incorporated in literary texts. Nonverbal cues incorporated in literary texts are seemingly minor yet vital features which sometimes are left out of the readers’ attention. The following literary works were chosen for the research: Peter Balakian’s Black Dog of Fate (1997, memoir), Micheline Aharonian Marcom’s Three Apples Fell from Heaven (2001, fiction). The chosen samples include writings which have not been widely analysed especially from communication theory aspects. The main analysis method utilized was close reading of the texts. Further, research can be done to analyse poetry collections to identify whether nonverbal cues are as significantly used in poetry as they are used in stories and novels.

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Research on diasporic youth identities in the British and American context has stressed hybridity, heterogeneity and multiplicity. This paper draws upon ethnographic research undertaken with Armenian girls to explore some of the tensions and ambivalences of negotiating diasporic identities in the Russian context. Diasporic identities are constructed through gender, and this paper illustrates how research participants negotiate their identities in relation to both belonging to the Armenian community and wider Russian society. At the same time, this paper examines how research participants draw differently on diasporic identifications in order to overcome tensions and ambivalences in their everyday lives. The paper shows that research participants are not inclined to reject their cultural roots in favor of new hybrid identities, but are able to recognize and appropriate different cultures in their identity negotiations.

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The summer of 2015 will perhaps be remembered as a watershed moment in the annals of racism in the United States. What had been normalized for decades by the southern states and giant retailers in “postracist” America was institutionally delegitimized almost overnight. Upping the ante, the department store giant Macy's announced it will discontinue Donald Trump merchandise because of Trump's racist remarks. A mere half century after the 1964 Civil Rights Act, in a perfect act of Foucauldian governmentality and market regulation from above, American business interests aggressively interfered in redefining the discursive and symbolic boundaries of the new mainstream normativity and truth in the United States. One can safely say that symbolic and actual denial of slavery and racist essentialism as normalized discourses in mainstream US culture and scholarship took another institutional blow, even though some reactionary book review here and there can still make its way into the mainstream, and even though defeating “dog whistle politics” is much more difficult than defeating outright racist symbols or speech.

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The present article provides an analysis of the concept “modesty” in the context of British, American and Armenian cultural identity. As an indicator of a common value in three linguo-cultures, the concept “modesty”, however, appears in various expressions. The article presents the similarities and differences of the value perception of the concept “modesty” in three linguo-cultures.

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The 22nd international conference on the Discrete Simulation of Fluid Dynamics (DSFD 2013) was held on the campus of the American University of Armenia in Yerevan, Armenia on 15–19 July 2013. Approximately 60 participants took part in the conference, with discussions ranging from lattice Boltzmann and lattice-gas models of fluids, to smoothed-particle hydrodynamics and stochastic rotation dynamics. The conference presented a unique opportunity for communities of computational fluid dynamicists from the region to share their research with each other, and with an audience of some of the world's leading experts in the field.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) along with associated risk factors among Armenian Americans living in Los Angeles. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, a sample of 877 Armenian Americans was collected for 5 consecutive years (2011-2015) at a health fair. Collected data included: sociodemographic variables; cardiometabolic data, including systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, glucose (Glu), and lipids; anthropometric data, including height (Ht), weight (Wt), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC). Retrospective descriptive correlation, test of significance, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Findings showed that about 50% of the participants had abnormal waist/hip ratio and approximately one-quarter of the subjects had glucose levels that were indicative of high risk for DM. Logistic regression analysis revealed that high SBP ( P = .04), above normal WC ( P = .03), and high triglycerides ( P = .04) were significant in predicting DM. Moreover, age ( P =.0001), family history of cardiovascular disease ( P= .01), and above normal WC ( P = .04) were found to be significant predictors of HTN. Conclusion Waist circumference indicated to be a strong predictor for DM and HTN. Early detection and timely interventions are important to prevent DM and HTN and their associated complications. For an underserved population, health fairs become one effective avenue for screening, referral, and evaluation.

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